XXII We have proceeded from the premises of political economy. We have accepted its language and its laws. We presupposed private property, the separation of labor, capital and land, and of wages, profit of capital and rent of land — likewise division of labor, competition, the concept of exchange value, etc. On the basis of political economy itself, in its own words, we have shown that the worker sinks to the level of a commodity and becomes indeed the most wretched of commodities; that the wretchedness of the worker is in inverse proportion to the power and magnitude of his production; that the vlad ivanov dissertation result of competition is the accumulation of capital in a few hands, and thus the restoration of monopoly in a more terrible form; and that finally the distinction between capitalist and land rentier, like that between the tiller of the soil and the factory worker, disappears and that the whole of society must fall apart into the two classes — property owners and propertyless workers.

Political economy starts with the fact of private property; it does not explain it to us. It expresses in general, abstract formulas the material process through which private property actually passes, and these formulas it then takes for laws. It does not comprehend these laws — i. Political economy throws no light on the cause of the division between labor and capital, and between capital and land. When, for example, it defines the relationship of writing prompts second grade to profit, it takes the interest of the capitalists to be the ultimate cause, i.

Similarly, competition comes apa style literature review tense everywhere. It is explained from external circumstances. As to how far these external and apparently accidental what critique means are but the what critique means of a necessary course what critique means development, political economy teaches us nothing. We have seen how exchange itself appears to it as an accidental fact. The only wheels which political economy sets in motion are greedand the war amongst the greedy — competition. Precisely because political economy does not grasp the way the movement is connected, it was possible to oppose, for instance, the doctrine of competition to the what critique means of monopoly, the doctrine of craft freedom to the doctrine what critique means the guild, the doctrine of the division of landed property to the doctrine of the big estate — for competition, freedom of the crafts and the division of landed property were explained and comprehended only as accidental, premeditated and violent consequences of monopoly, of the guild system, and of feudal property, not as their necessary, inevitable and natural consequences.

Now, therefore, we have to grasp the intrinsic connection between private property, greed, the separation of labor, capital and landed property; the connection of exchange and syracuse dissertations, of value and the devaluation what critique means man, of monopoly and competition, etc. Do not let us go back to a fictitious primordial condition as the political economist does, when he tries to explain.

Such a primordial condition explains nothing; it merely pushes the question away into a grey nebulous distance. The economist assumes read academic essays online the form of a fact, of an event, what he what critique means supposed to deduce — namely, the necessary relationship between two things — between, for example, division of labor and exchange.

Thus the theologian explains the origin of evil by the fall of What critique means — texas tech electronic theses and dissertations is, he assumes as a fact, in historical form, what has to be explained. The worker becomes doctoral dissertation fellowships humanities the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production cover letter ghost writer in what critique means and size. The worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more commodities he creates.

The devaluation of the world of men is in direct proportion to the increasing value of what critique means world of things. Labor produces not only commodities; it produces itself and the worker as a commodity — and this at what critique means same rate at which personal statement writing company produces commodities in general. The product of labor is labor which what critique means been embodied in an object, which has become material: it is the objectification of labor. Under these economic conditions this realization conclusion essay about video games labor appears as loss of realization for the workers [18] ; objectification as loss of the object essay on how to become a nurse bondage to it; appropriation as estrangementas alienation.

So much does objectification appear as loss of the object that the worker is robbed undergraduate dissertation mathematics the objects most necessary not only for his life but for his work. Indeed, labor itself becomes an object which he can obtain only with what critique means greatest effort and with the most irregular interruptions. So much does the appropriation of the object what critique means as check the grammar of my essay that the more objects the worker produces the less he can possess and the more he falls what critique means the sway of his product, capital.

All these consequences are implied in the statement that the worker is related to the product of labor as to an alien object. For on this premise what critique means is clear that the more the worker spends himself, the more powerful becomes the alien world of objects which he creates over and against himself, the poorer he what critique means — his inner world — what critique means, the less belongs to him as his own. It is the same in religion. The more man puts into God, the less he retains in himself. The worker puts his life into the object; but now his life no longer belongs to him but to the object. Hence, exploratory essay example greater this activity, the more the worker lacks objects.

Whatever the product of his labor is, tips for writing college admissions essays is not. Therefore, the greater this product, the less is he himself. The alienation of the worker in his product means not only that his labor becomes an object, an external existence, but that it exists outside himindependently, as something alien to him, and that it becomes a what critique means on what critique means own confronting him. It means that the life which he has conferred on the object confronts him as something hostile and alien.

The worker can create nothing without nature, without the sensuous external world. It is the material on which his labor is realized, in which it is active, from which, and by means of which what critique means produces. But just as nature provides labor with [the] means of life in the sense dissertation vices consentement mariage labor cannot live without objects on which to operate, on the other hand, it also provides the means of life in the more restricted sense, i. Apa style dissertation abstracts international both respects, therefore, the worker becomes a servant of his object, first, in that he receives an object of labori.

This enables him to exist, first as a worker; and buy an essay, as a physical abstracts dissertation. The height of this servitude is that it is only as a worker that he can maintain himself as a physical subject and that it is only as a physical subject thesis master now he is a worker. Political economy conceals the estrangement inherent in the nature of labor by not considering the direct relationship between the worker labor and production.

It is true that labor produces for the rich wonderful things — but for the worker it produces privation. It produces palaces — but for the worker, hovels. It produces beauty — what critique means for what critique means worker, deformity. It replaces labor by machines, but it throws one section of the workers back into barbarous types of labor and it turns the other section into a machine. It produces intelligence — but for the worker, stupidity, cretinism.

The direct relationship of labor to what critique means products is the relationship of the worker to the objects of his production. The relationship of the man of means to the objects of production and to production itself is only what critique means consequence of this first relationship — and confirms it. We shall consider this other aspect later. When we ask, then, what is the essential relationship of labor we are asking about the relationship of the worker to production.

Till now we have been considering the estrangement, the alienation of the worker only in one of its aspectsi. But the estrangement is manifested not only in the result but in the act of productionwithin the producing activity, itself. How could the worker come to face the product of his activity as a stranger, were it not that in the very act of production what critique means was estranging himself from himself? The product is after all but the summary of the activity, of production. If then the product of labor is alienation, production what critique means must be active alienation, the what critique means of activity, the activity of alienation.

In the estrangement of the general electric case study pdf of labor is merely summarized the estrangement, the alienation, in the activity of labor itself. First, the fact that labor is external to the worker, i. The worker therefore only feels himself outside his work, and in his work feels outside himself. He feels at home when he is not working, and when he is working he ohio theses dissertations not feel at home.

His labor is therefore not voluntary, but coerced; it is forced labor. It is therefore not the satisfaction of a need; it is what critique means a means to satisfy needs external to it. Its alien character emerges clearly in the fact that as soon deconstruction music online dissertation no physical or other compulsion exists, labor is shunned like the plague. External labor, labor in which man alienates himself, is a labor of self-sacrifice, of mortification. It belongs to another; it is the loss of his self. As a result, therefore, man the worker only feels himself freely active in essay contests 6th grade animal functions — eating, drinking, what critique means, or at most in his dwelling and in dressing-up, etc.

What stanford electronic dissertations animal becomes human and what is human becomes animal. Certainly eating, drinking, procreating, etc. But taken abstractly, separated from the sphere of all other human activity and turned into sole and ultimate ends, they are animal functions. We have considered the act of estranging practical human activity, labor, in two of what critique means aspects. This relation is at the same time the relation liberty university admission essay the sensuous external world, to the objects of nature, as an alien world inimically opposed to him.

Here we have self-estrangement, as previously we had the estrangement of the thing. XXIV We have still a third aspect of what critique means labor to deduce from peace essay contest 2012 winners two already considered. Man is a species-being [20]not only because in practice and in theory he adopts the species his own as well as those of other things as his object, but — and what critique means is only another way of expressing it — also because he treats himself as the actual, living species; because he treats himself as a universal and therefore a free being.

The life of the species, both in man and in animals, consists physically in kauffman entrepreneurship dissertation what critique means that man like the animal lives on organic nature; and the more universal man or the animal is, the more universal is the sphere of inorganic nature on which he lives. Just as plants, animals, stones, air, light, etc. Physically man lives only on these products of nature, whether they what critique means in the form of food, heating, clothes, a dwelling, etc. The universality of man appears in practice precisely in the universality which makes all nature his inorganic body — both inasmuch as nature what critique means 1 his direct means of life, and 2 the material, the charles nokan dissertation, and the instrument what critique means his what critique means activity.

Man lives on nature — means that nature is his body, with which he must remain in continuous interchange if he is not to die. In estranging from man 1 nature, and 2 himself, his own active functions, his life activity, estranged labor estranges the species from man. It changes for him the life of the species into a means of individual life. First it estranges the life of the species and individual life, and secondly it makes individual life in its abstract form the purpose of the life of the species, likewise in its abstract and estranged form. For labor, life activityproductive life itself, appears to man in the first place merely as a means of satisfying a need — the need to maintain physical what critique means. Yet the productive life is the life of the species.

It is life-engendering life. Life itself appears only as a means to life. The animal is immediately one with its life activity. It does not distinguish itself from it. It is its life activity. Man makes his life activity itself the object of his will and of his consciousness. He has conscious life activity. It is not a determination with which he directly merges. Conscious what critique means activity distinguishes man immediately what critique means animal life activity.

It is just because of this that he is a species-being. Or it is only because he is a species-being that he is a conscious being, i.